<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://themua.org/collections/items/show/1651">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Pre-Hispanic Navigation in the Andean Region]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Offshore and inland waters in the Andean region were crossed by boats of various types made of different materials. These were related mainly to fishing activities, but also were involvedin long-distance trade of luxury goods, rituals, passengers and even war.Construction technologies and development of these vessels varied depending on available resources and the capacity of societies to solve navigational problems. In that sense a variety of types and forms of vessels have been identified, and although not all boats are &quot;complex&quot; as the Europeans, it is clear that they evolve and had changes over time that perfected them.Despite this plentiful of technologies, the archaeological record of actual watercraft is almost nonexistent. As a result the approach to these technologies is through other evidence as the iconography fund on pottery, textiles and wall friezes, as well as sculptural referencesnot to mentionreferences recorded by Spanish chroniclers and ultimatelypost- Conquest survivals.The aim of this paper is to recount these technologies through indirect evidence and elaborate some hypotheses about the use and success of the same in the pre -Hispanic Andean world and its survival after the conquest.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Carlos Ausejo, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[5/16/2014]]></dcterms:date>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://themua.org/collections/items/show/1652">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Native navigation traditions in Mexico Central Plateau: a study between archaeology and ethnology ]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[In the Americas, long before the Conquest, existed various native navigation techniques (coastal, lacustrine and fluvial), aboard numerous and diversified wooden boats. Among these, stands one that was made by carving a tree trunk: the dugout canoe. As an evidence of human ingenuity, it acquired its importance by being the bridge between land and water, representing the bond between the human and the aquatic world. Similarly, this means of transportation played a primordial part in the native civilizations as it was involved in daily activities at different levels: transportation (people, goods, raw material), natural resource exploitation (hunting, gathering and fishing), rituals and war. These activities implied the organization of the lacustrine areas, thanks to adapted facilities such as channels, piers, bridges and warehouses. In Mexicoâ€™s Central Plateau, in the endoreic basins of Mexico and PÃ¡tzcuaro, flourished two of the most powerful contemporaneous and rival empires in all Mesoamerica: the Mexica  and the Tarascan (Fig.1). Based on their respective lacustrine surroundings and specific methods, they accomplished the edification of their capitals, Tenochtitlan and Tzintzuntzan, through the use of navigation. Nowadays, some remains of these antique and powerful civilizations naval technology still exists, allowing us, thanks to a multidisciplinary method, to approach a broad vision of their history and transformation. ]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Alexandra Biar, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[5/16/2014]]></dcterms:date>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://themua.org/collections/items/show/1653">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Hollowing out the canoe: a reflection of the society]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[The dugout canoe is an important element in a lot of maritime societies all over the world. Itâ€™s not only a small boat made by hollowing a tree with particular characteristics, but it is the reflection of the society in which the canoe was made. A canoe represents the interaction of ideology, tradition, economics and purpose, as well as environment and material resources. Mexico is no exception; the canoe was the best aquatic transport in pre-Hispanic communities, both for coastal and inland waters. So, the canoe can bring us a lot of archaeological information about pre-Hispanic cultures, its traditions and its environment.<br />
<br />
It is impossible to access the social explanation of the canoe if we are not able to describe it formally. So, a registration strategy will give us the possibility to store data for a social explanation of the boat. In addition, using this strategy, it is possible to accumulate general and specific data from which it can be proposed a typology of dugout vessels. This research is a step forward of a typology proposal for dugout canoes in Mexico, which aims to grow as more canoes are found, both in archaeological contexts and inside public and private institutions, museums and private collections.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Luz Elena G. Cervantes, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[5/20/2014]]></dcterms:date>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://themua.org/collections/items/show/1654">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Lacustrine battles carried out by the Mexica people:<br />
Use of war canoes in Tenochtitlan]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[There have been multiple studies in relation to the political, military and ritualistic confrontations between ancient societies, which have been carried out to address the problem of war in pre-Hispanic times. In particular, we are interested here in approaching the problem of the existence of an armed navy which participated in the confrontations that took place in the lake that surrounded the Mexica capital, before and during the process of conquest, in order to propose some guidelines which may help us to understand the complexity that hardly looms, in relation to these lake battles. By turning our attention to the spatio-temporal context that interests us, the Mexica in the Late Post Classic period on the island of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, we have found evidence regarding the fact that the canoes, in this sense, seem to have worked as a specialized mechanism within this context, providing huge advantages to its users for defense and offense during the fighting tactics involving both land and water confrontations.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Mariana FavilavVÃ¡zquez, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[5/20/2014]]></dcterms:date>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://themua.org/collections/items/show/1672">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Video interview with Session 14 Chair Carlos Ausejo.]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Navigation was not unknown in the Americas, at the Spaniards arrival different kind of vessel were in use both in the Pacific and the Atlantic shores, as well as in lakes or rivers. Canoe, reed rafts, balsa log raft and others skin based watercraft have been described mainly on historical records and gave us an idea of this technologies. Although it is clear that long and short distance maritime trade routes were in use and watercraft were also involve in war activities and other maritime activities, archaeological evidence related with actual boats has been elusive to find. Still some of these traditions have survived time and in use with some changes and others were incorporated to European navigation traditions. <br />
During the last decades an increasing interest among researchers in addition to new and different approaches from a broad spectrum of perspectives, including archaeology, history, ethnohistory and ethnography, has brought new and better understanding about these technologies. In spite of this, venues of dialogue to present and discuss about these traditions has been practically inexistent <br />
The aim of this session is to show research advances on this topic mainly in the Pacific shores and inland waters through different perspectives up to the Spanish arrival. It will focus primarily in the Andean and Mesoamerican region, however other regions would be accepted. <br />
]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Carlos Ausejo]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[6/12/2014]]></dcterms:date>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
